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href=\"https:\/\/grem.uqam.ca\/equipe\/#tab-7442\"><em>GREM<\/em><em> (<\/em><em>Groupe<\/em> <em>de<\/em> <em>Recherche<\/em> <em>sur<\/em> <em>l\u2019\u00c9ducation<\/em> <em>et<\/em> <em>des<\/em> <em>Mus<\/em><em>\u00e9<\/em><em>es<\/em><em>)<\/em><\/a> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac (\u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5: \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Anik-Meunier\">A. Meunier<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1980 &#8211; 1991<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u0395.\u039c.\u039c.\u0394.) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\/\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>. \u0388\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u00ab<em>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/em>\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab<em>\u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/em>\u00bb. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1986, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 LIREST \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paris<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> 7 (<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Jussieu<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">)<\/span> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u00ad\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf CNRS <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andree-Tiberghien\">\u0391. Tiberghien<\/a>. \u03a0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u00ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: (\u03b1) \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7, \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u00ad\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, (\u03b2) \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \/ \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> To 2010 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u2018<em>\u0395\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7<\/em>\u2019 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd (<a href=\"http:\/\/energyineducation.blogspot.com\/\">http:\/\/energyineducation.blogspot.com<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"http:\/\/energyeducationen.blogspot.com\/\">http:\/\/energyeducationen.blogspot.com<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1992 &#8211; \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae 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\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u00ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: (\u03b1) \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a href='https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/?page_id=49' class='excerpt-more'>[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post-seq-1","post-parity-odd","meta-position-corners","fix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=49"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1103,"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49\/revisions\/1103"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkoliopoulos.gr\/el\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=49"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}